The Bridge to Hardware
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The Cellular Potts Model already had filopodia — Gaussian-shaped membrane protrusions that extend, retract, and sense the local environment. But they were floating. They could push into the substrate, detect chemical gradients, and influence the Hamiltonian, but they had no concept of gripping. A real filopodium that contacts a stiff substrate forms focal adhesion complexes — clusters of integrin receptors that physically anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix. And those adhesions are not passive anchors. They are mechanosensors.